O uso da estimulação transcraniana como tratamento na reabilitação motora de criança com paralisia cerebral - projeto de estudo de caso / El uso de la estimulación transcraneal como tratamiento en la rehabilitación motora de un niño con parálisis cerebral -un proyecto de estudio de caso / The use of transcranial stimulation as a treatment in the motor rehabilitation of a child with cerebral palsy -a case study projec

RESUMO A Paralisia Cerebral (PC) também denominada como encefalopatia crônica não-progressiva da infância é consequência de lesões não progressivas que aconteceram no cérebro imaturo no período pré, peri ou pós-natal, afetando o sistema nervoso central em fase de maturação estrutural e funcional. O presente trabalho trata-se de um estudo de caso com características de Pesquisa Experimental, Intervencional, onde foi realizado um protocolo de duas sessões semanais, com tempo de atendimento de 40 minutos, num total de 20 (vinte) sessões. O protocolo terapêutico consistiu de estimulação transcraniana e teve como objetivo geral investigar os efeitos da ETCC, associada à cinesioterapia e ativação dos neurônios espelhos, na reabilitação de uma criança com paralisia cerebral, sexo masculino, 54 meses de idade cronológica, grau moderado de hipotonia muscular em membros inferiores, movimentos voluntários com debilidade de força muscular; escoliose dorso-lombar e pontuação zero na Escala de Mobilidade Funcional e Asworth Modificada. O Sistema de Classificação da Função Motora Grossa (GMFCS) apresentou-se com classificação nível V, limitação na habilidade de manter as posturas anti-gravitacionais da cabeça e tronco e de controlar os movimentos de braços e pernas. Índice de Barthel Modificado com pontuação 11- classificação de dependência severa. A escala Denver II com prejuízos significativos nos domínios: pessoal-social, motor fino adaptativo, linguagem e motor grosso.

RESUMEN La parálisis cerebral (PC) también denominada como encefalopatía crónica no progresiva de la infancia es consecuencia de lesiones no progresivas que ocurrieron en el cerebro inmaduro en el periodo pre, peri o post-natal, afectando el sistema nervioso central en la fase de maduración estructural y funcional. El presente trabajo trata de un estudio de caso con características de investigación experimental, intervencional, donde fue realizado un protocolo de dos sesiones semanales de cuarenta minutos, con un total de veinte (20) sesiones. El protocolo terapéutico consistió en una estimulación transcraniana y tuvo como objetivo general, investigar los efectos de la ETCC, asociada a la cinesioterapia y activación de las neuronas espejo, en la rehabilitación de un niño con parálisis cerebral de 54 meses de edad cronológica, grado moderado de hipertonía muscular en miembros inferiores, movimientos voluntarios con debilidad de fuerza muscular; escoliosis dorsolumbar y puntuación cero en la escala de Movilidad Fun.

ABSTRACT Cerebral Palsy (CP) also known as chronic non-progressive encephalopathy of childhood is a consequence of non-progressive lesions that occurred in the immature brain in the pre, peri or postnatal period, affecting the central nervous system in a phase of structural maturation and functional. The present work is a case study with characteristics of Experimental, Interventional Research, where a protocol of two weekly sessions was carried out, with a service time of 40 minutes, in a total of 20 (twenty) sessions. The therapeutic protocol consisted of transcranial stimulation and aimed to investigate the effects of tDCS, associated with kinesiotherapy and activation of mirror neurons, in the rehabilitation of a 54-month-old male child with cerebral palsy, moderate degree of muscular hypotonia in the lower limbs, voluntary movements with weak muscular strength; dorsolumbar scoliosis and zero score on the Functional Mobility and Modified Asworth Scale. The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) has a level V classification, limiting the ability to maintain antigravity postures of the head and trunk and to control arm and leg movements. Modified Barthel Index with score 11- severe dependency rating. The Denver II scale with significant impairments in the following domains: personal-social, adaptive fine motor, language and gross motor.

Portable Monitoring Device for Motor Rehabilitation Equipment with Rotor Shaft / 中国医疗器械杂志

A novel and portable device is proposed to monitor motor rehabilitation equipment, which can be mounted on most equipment with rotor shaft. The software of the device, whose main functions include equipment configuration, monitoring and statistical computation, is developed based on available sensor. The data collected by the device serve both department managers to learn the efficiency of the equipment, and physicians and therapists to understand the physical conditions of the patients who perform training exercises with the monitored rehabilitation equipment. About 2000 hours' monitoring has been carried out, and the experimental result indicates that the monitoring device is applicable to many types of motor rehabilitation equipment and achieves good monitoring accuracy. The data aggregated by the device can be used to evaluate the motor functions of the patients and make rehabilitation training plan. Besides, it is agreed by physicians and therapists that the device is easy-to-use, robust and has good real-time performance. The monitoring device thus holds the promise of boosting the development of digitalized rehabilitation medicine.

Research progress on mechanical perturbation in stroke rehabilitation / 生物医学工程学杂志

Sensorimotor disorder can be easily caused by stroke, and there are many targeted movement rehabilitation therapies. With the development of rehabilitation robot technology, robot-assisted therapy combined with mechanical perturbations has become a more effective motor rehabilitation therapy. In this paper, the definition of mechanical perturbation and its physiological mechanism in stroke rehabilitation are introduced, the research progress on mechanical perturbation in the field of stroke rehabilitation therapy is mainly discussed, the application of mechanical perturbation in motor control, postural response and sensory evaluation of stroke rehabilitation is summarized, and the future development direction of mechanical perturbation rehabilitation therapy is also prospected.

Aceptabilidad del uso de dispositivos con interfaces de usuarios en la rehabilitación motora neurológica / Acceptability Of The Use Of Devices With User Interfaces In Neurological Motor Rehabilitation

Introducción: El avance de las nuevas tecnologías ha contribuido a elevar las opciones de interacción de las personas con los productos a partir del empleo de las interfaces de usuario. El uso de dispositivos con interfaces de usuario, diseñados como soportes orientados a la rehabilitación neurológica, puede potenciar y diversificar este proceso en contextos intra hospitalarios y extra hospitalarios. Objetivo: Identificar los criterios que determinan la aceptabilidad de estos dispositivos en la rehabilitación motora de pacientes con enfermedades neurológicas. Métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 31 pacientes del Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía tributarios de rehabilitación motora y un grupo control (N = 62) con sujetos sanos. Se construyó un cuestionario con 32 ítems que exploran los criterios de aceptabilidad de las interfaces de usuario. La versión final del cuestionario se obtuvo de la evaluación según criterio de expertos y el cálculo de la consistencia interna mediante el alfa de Cronbach. A los valores obtenidos durante la aplicación del cuestionario se les realizó un análisis factorial usando como método de rotación el varimax normalizado. El criterio para extracción de factores fue el método de autovalores de Scree. Resultados: La aceptabilidad del uso de dispositivos con interfaces de usuario está condicionada por tres categorías fundamentales: seguridad, expectativas y facilidad de asimilación. Conclusiones: La aceptabilidad de estos dispositivos depende de garantizar la seguridad en su uso, cumplir con las expectativas de una rehabilitación autónoma y hacer evidente y viable su facilidad de asimilación. Contar con estos criterios redunda en la obtención de requerimientos ergonómicos para el diseño de estos dispositivos(AU)

Introduction: The advance of new technologies has contributed to raising the interaction options of people with products from the use of user interfaces. The use of devices with user interfaces, designed as supports aimed at neurological rehabilitation, can enhance and diversify this process in intra-hospital and extra-hospital contexts. Objective: Identify the criteria that determine the acceptability of these devices in the motor rehabilitation of patients with neurological diseases. Methods: The sample consisted of 31 patients from the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery who needed motor rehabilitation and a control group (N = 62) with healthy individuals. A questionnaire with 32 items was created and it explored the acceptability criteria of user interfaces. The final version of the questionnaire was obtained from the evaluation according to expert criteria and the calculation of internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. To the values obtained during the application of the questionnaire, there was performed a factor analysis using the normalized varimax as the rotation method. The criterion for factor extraction was the Scree eigenvalue method. Results: The acceptability of the use of devices with user interfaces is conditioned by three fundamental categories: security, expectations and ease of assimilation. Conclusions: The acceptability of these devices depends on guaranteeing safety in their use, meeting the expectations of an autonomous rehabilitation and making evident and viable their ease of assimilation. Having these criteria, results in obtaining ergonomic requirements for the design of these devices(AU)

Research Progress and Application Prospect of Nerve Rehabilitation by Transcranial Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation / 中国医疗器械杂志

Accidents or diseases may cause impairment or even loss of human motor function, among which stroke is a disease which is most likely to cause disability and seriously endangers social health. During recent years, as a new nerve regulation technology, non-invasive brain stimulation technology can achieve the application of nerve stimulation to the brain, induce and promote neuroplasticity and improve the excitability of cerebral cortex. Especially, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) have shown high therapeutic potential in motor rehabilitation. This paper summarizes the mechanism and progress of the research and application of tDCS and TMS in the field of neurorehabilitation. Its technical challenges and future development trends are provided as well.

Effect of Real-time Visual Trajectory Feedback on Upper Limb Movement Learning / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To explore the effect of real-time visual trajectory feedback on the motor learning ability of healthy volunteers during upper limb circle-drawing movements by using rehabilitation robots. Methods:From July to September, 2018, 24 right-handed healthy volunteers were divided into two groups according to the baseline level of motor ability, one group received three kinds of feedbacks including visual, result and real-time trajectory feedbacks (V+KP+KR group), and the other group only received two kinds of feedbacks including visual and performance (V+KR group). Both groups were trained in clockwise circle drawing task under different conditions for five sessions, 20 times per session, and then underwent one session of maintenance test after three days. The motor learning processes of two groups were evaluated and analyzed by two parameters including roundness score and completion time. Results:By using two-factor repeated measures variance analysis, it was found that there were intergroup and intragroup interactions (F = 6.029, P < 0.001). The intergroup individual effects showed that except for the fifth training section (F = 8.775, P = 0.658), the values of roundness score in other sessions were higher in V+KP+KR group than in V+KR group (F > 13.126, P < 0.001). The intragroup individual effects showed that there were significant differences among sessions in both groups (F > 12.465, P < 0.001). For completion time, there was no intergroup and intragroup interactions (F = 1.606, P = 0.228), the intergroup main effect was not significant (F = 0.55, P = 0.477), and the intragroup main effect was significant (F = 3.95, P = 0.031). Conclusion:Real-time trajectory feedback can help volunteers quickly understand the essentials of motor tasks at the early stage of motor learning, thus helping them to improve the fast learning ability of new tasks, but the improvement effect on motor learning during middle and late stages is not obvious. The dependence of volunteers on real-time trajectory feedback gradually decreases in the middle and later stages of motor learning, and they might rely on proprioception to complete tasks.

Investigation on rehabilitation performance of combining tDCS and FES on upper limb motor functions in patients with chronic stroke / 中国康复医学杂志

Objective:To observe the efficacy of combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and functional electrical stimulation (FES) therapy on the upper limb function of chronic stroke patients.Method:Three subjects with chronic stroke patients received active tDCS + FES therapy for 4 weeks after 4 weeks of baseline observation.Surface electromyography (sEMG),transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and upper limb part of the Fugl-Meyer assessment (U-FMA) were used to assess the performance of the subjects pre-and-post the intervention.Result:U-FMA scores improved after the intervention.There are five of the seven tested active muscles showed an increasing change in surface electromyography activation levels.Portion of the short latency cortical inhibition and facilitation data of the contralateral hemisphere tested with TMS paired pulse stimulation showed a change post the intervention.Conclusion:Subjects showed improvement with their upper limb motor function,thus the tDCS combine FES therapy may be a promising rehabilitation method for upper limb motor function of stroke in chronic stages.

Investigation on rehabilitation performance of combining tDCS and FES on upper limb motor functions in patients with chronic stroke / 中国康复医学杂志

Objective:To observe the efficacy of combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and functional electrical stimulation (FES) therapy on the upper limb function of chronic stroke patients.Method:Three subjects with chronic stroke patients received active tDCS + FES therapy for 4 weeks after 4 weeks of baseline observation.Surface electromyography (sEMG),transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and upper limb part of the Fugl-Meyer assessment (U-FMA) were used to assess the performance of the subjects pre-and-post the intervention.Result:U-FMA scores improved after the intervention.There are five of the seven tested active muscles showed an increasing change in surface electromyography activation levels.Portion of the short latency cortical inhibition and facilitation data of the contralateral hemisphere tested with TMS paired pulse stimulation showed a change post the intervention.Conclusion:Subjects showed improvement with their upper limb motor function,thus the tDCS combine FES therapy may be a promising rehabilitation method for upper limb motor function of stroke in chronic stages.

Motor cortex tDCS does not improve strength performance in healthy subjects / ETCC sobre o córtex motor não aumenta o desempenho de força em sujeitos saudáveis / tDCS en motor corteza no aumenta el rendimiento de fuerza en sujetos sanos

The influence of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) upon maximal strength performance in exercises recruiting large muscle mass has not been established in healthy populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether anodal tDCS was able to increase the performance during maximal strength exercise (MSEX) in healthy subjects. Fourteen volunteers (age: 26 ± 4 yrs) performed two MSEX after anodal or sham tDCS (2mA; 20min prior MSEX), involving knee extensors and flexors in concentric isokinetic muscle actions of the dominant limb (3 sets of 10 repetitions). The electrical muscle activity (sEMG) of four recruited muscles was recorded during MSEX. Anodal tDCS was not able to improve force production (i.e., total work and peak torque), fatigue resistance, or electromyographic activity during MSEX when compared to sham condition. In conclusion, anodal tDCS applied upon the contralateral motor cortex was not capable of increasing the strength performance of knee extensors and flexors in young healthy subjects.

A influência da estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) sobre o desempenho da força muscular em exercícios que recrutam grandes massas musculares ainda não foi estabelecido em populações saudáveis. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar se a ETCC anódica seria capaz de aumentar o desempenho durante exercício máximo de força (EMF) em sujeitos saudáveis. Catorze voluntários (idade: 26 ± 4 anos) executaram dois EMF com aplicação prévia da ETCC anódica ou placebo (2mA; 20 mim), envolvendo músculos flexores e extensores do joelho dominante em ação concêntrica isocinética (3 séries de 10 repetições). A atividade elétrica muscular (sEMG) de quatro músculos recrutados foi registrada durante o EMF. A ETCC anódica não foi capaz de melhorar a produção de força (trabalho total e pico de torque), resistência à fadiga ou atividade eletromiográfica durante o EMF, quando comparada à condição placebo. Em conclusão, a ETCC anódica aplicada sobre o córtex motor contralateral não foi capaz de aumentar o desempenho de força de flexores e extensores de joelho em jovens saudáveis.

La influencia de estimulación transcraneal de corriente directa (tDCS) en ejercicios de fuerza muscular de rendimiento que reclutan grandes masas musculares no se ha establecido en la población sana. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la ETCC anódica podría mejorar el rendimiento durante el ejercicio máximo de la fuerza (EMF) en sujetos sanos. Catorce voluntarios (26 ± 4 años de edad) realizaron dos EMF con la aplicación previa de ETCC anódica y placebo (2 mA, 20 i) la participación de los flexores y extensores de la rodilla dominante en acción concéntrica (3 series de 10 repeticiones). La actividad eléctrica muscular (sEMG) en cuatro músculos reclutados se registró durante el EMF. La ETCC anódica no fue capaz de mejorar la potencia de salida (trabajo total y pico de torque), la resistencia a la fatiga o la actividad electromiográfica durante el EMF, cuando comparada con la condición placebo. Por lo tanto, la ETCC anódica aplicada a la corteza motora contralateral no fue capaz de aumentar el rendimiento de la fuerza de flexores y extensores de la rodilla en jóvenes sanos.

Motor Rehabilitation and Pyramidal Tract Remodeling after Cerebral Infarction (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Motor dysfunction is one of the leading problems after stroke. The evidence existed that motor performance is largely affected by the location and volume of white matter especially the pyramidal tract, but not the cortex. The remodeling of contralesional primary motor output tract highly correlated with motor improvement. The unaffected pyramidal tract axons regenerate and cross into the affected side after ischemia can promte motor recovery after ischemia. Exercise and other rehabilitation may play a role on remodeling of pyramidal tract subsequent after cerebral infarction.

Hidrocinesioterapia no tratamento fisioterapêutico de um lactente com Síndrome de Down: estudo de caso / Hydrotherapy at physiotherapy treatment for an infant with Down Syndrome: a case study

INTRODUÇÃO: Os deficit sensoriais presentes na Síndrome de Down podem interferir no controle da postura, movimentos, equilíbrio e coordenação, por isso é importante a intervenção fisioterapêutica, porém a literatura é escassa em relação aos efeitos da terapia aquática. OBJETIVO: Investigar a eficácia da hidrocinesioterapia como método complementar de tratamento fisioterapêutico na aquisição de habilidades motoras grossas de um lactente com Síndrome de Down e deficiência auditiva. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Participou da pesquisa um lactente com Síndrome de Down, sexo masculino, 1 ano e 4 meses de idade, com perda auditiva bilateral de grau severo. O desenvolvimento motor foi avaliado por meio da Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), na pré-intervenção e nas Etapas I e II da pós-intervenção. Na Etapa I, foi realizada a intervenção em solo, baseada no conceito neuroevolutivo; na Etapa II, intervenção em solo e na hidrocinesioterapia. Totalizaram ambas as etapas 24 sessões. RESULTADOS: Após as Etapas I e II, foi observado aumento de três pontos no escore bruto da AIMS, passando de 11 para 14 habilidades na Etapa I, e a 17 habilidades na Etapa II. Após a Etapa I, ocorreram ganhos de um ponto nos escores das posturas supino, sentado e em pé, e após a Etapa II, ganho de um ponto no escore da postura prona e dois na postura sentada. CONCLUSÃO: A intervenção hidroterapêutica propiciou a estimulação sensorial e o aprimoramento do controle e do fortalecimento dos músculos do tronco do lactente com Síndrome de Down, refletindo melhor desempenho motor nas posturas antigravitacionais, prona e sentada.

INTRODUCTION: The sensorial deficits presented at Down Syndrome may interfere in the posture control, movements, balance and coordination. Therefore, it the physiotherapy intervention is important. However, the literature is scarce regarding the aquatic therapy effects. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of hydrokinesiotherapy such as a complementary method of physiotherapy treatment in the acquisition of gross motor skills in an infant with Down Syndrome and hearing deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One infant with Down Syndrome, male, 1 year and 4 months old, with severe bilateral hearing deficiency participated of this study. The gross motor development was assessed by Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), which was applied in pre-intervention and in Step I and II post-intervention. Step I was physiotherapy intervention on the floor based on Neuroevolutive Concept. Step II was Neuroevolutive Concept plus hydrokynesiotherapy. Both the steps were conducted in 24 sessions. RESULTS: After Step I and II, there was an increase of three points in total score of AIMS, ranging from 11 to 14 and from 14 to 17, respectively. After Step I, one point increased in postures supine, sitting and standing; one and two points increased in the posture prone and sitting respectively, after Step II. CONCLUSION: Hydrokinesiotherapy improved the sensorial stimulation and control and strengthening of muscles of the trunk, reflecting a better motor performance of antigravity postures, prone and sitting.

Uso de la técnica de miofeedback orientada en actividades de la vida diaria básicas en personas secueladas de un accidente cerebro vascular / Myofeedback in basic activities daily life in patiens with stroke

El Accidente Cerebro Vascular (ACV) es la segunda causa de muerte en Chile y sus secuelas repercuten en el desempeño ocupacional; 50 por ciento necesita asistencia para bañarse, 30 por ciento para vestirse y 10 por ciento para higiene personal. La recuperación funcional e independencia es el objetivo de la rehabilitación, sin embargo, existe escasa evidencia de técnicas efectivas para usuarios secuelados de un ACV. El Miofeedback se ha dirigido al reaprendizaje de movimientos aislados y repetitivos, por lo tanto este trabajo tiene como objetivo "conocer el funcionamiento motor, ocupacional y de satisfacción de movimientos en usuarios con ACV antes y después de la aplicación de un Programa de Miofeedback orientado en AVDB". El grupo de estudio corresponde 8 personas. Cada uno tuvo 10 sesiones individuales de 60 minutos, 2 veces por semana, usando el miofeedback durante la ejecución de las AVDB. Evaluadores doble enmascarado aplican 5 pautas de evaluación al inicio y al término del Programa. Los participantes logran mejoras estadísticamente significativas en 5 de las 6 pautas, utilizando una prueba no paramétrica (t-student). Según estos resultados el uso de Miofeedback genera cambios significativos en los participantes, permitiendo generar evidencia tanto del uso de la ocupación como medio terapéutico, como de la tecnología al servicio de la rehabilitación.

The Stroke is the second reason of death in Chile and its sequels (motor, cognitive, etc) affect the occupational performance, causing dependence in basic activities of the daily living (BADL): 50 percent needs assistance to washing, 30 percent to dress and 10 percent for personal hygiene. The functional recovery and independence is the aim of the rehabilitation, but there exists scanty evidence of effective techniques for chronic users whit stroke. The myofeedback has gone to the relearning of aislated and repetitive movement, therefore this work has as aim "to know the motor occupational function and satisfaction of movement of stroke patients before and after the application of a Miofeedback's Program, oriented to BADL". The group of study corresponds to 8 persons. Each one had 10 individual sessions of 60 minutes, twice a week, using the Miofeedback during the performance of the BADL. Double blinded apply 5 test; motor, occupational function and satisfaction of movement to initial and final of treatment. Participants achieve statistically significant improvements in 5 of 6 tests, using non-parametric test (t-student). According to these results Miofeedback's use generates significant changes in the participants, allowing to generate evidence both on the use of occupation as a therapeutic means, as on the technology at the service of rehabilitation.

Functional Electrical Stimulation: Principle, Design and Applications(Ⅱ) / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Functional electrical stimulation(FES) offers a vast potential for partial restoration of parlayzed movements. This three part article will review the basic concepts,system design and applications of FES. In part I,concepts such as activation threshold, recruitment order are discussed. Part Ⅱ introduces stimulation waveforme,safe parameters and tissue damage,as well as the design principle of stimulators for use with percutaneous electrodes. Part Ⅲ outlines clinical applications of FES,in particular,for restoration of hand grasp function for C5/C6 patients.

Functional Electrical Stimulation: Principle,Design and Applications (I) / 中国康复理论与实践

@# Functional electrical stimulation(FES) offers a vast potential for partial restoration of parlayzed movements. In practice,understanding on the underlying mechanism and limitations of electrical activation of nerve is essential to guide a successful deployment of FES technology to clinical utilization. Thisthree part article will review the basic concepts,system design and applications of FES. In part I,conceptssuch as activation threshold,recruitment order are discussed. Part Ⅱ introduces stimulation waveforme,safeparameters and tissue damage,as well as the design principle of stimulators for use with percutaneous electrodes. Part Ⅲ outlines clinical applications of FES,in particular,for restoration of hand grasp function forC5/C6 patients.